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X-WR-CALDESC:16 August 1858:  First exchange of telegraph communications oc
 curred with congratulatory messages between Queen Victoria and President J
 ames Buchanan. Photo: US postage stamp commemorating the Atlantic cable\, 
 1958. Designed by George Giusti.\n\nExcerpted from mapsoftheworld.com:\n\n
 Made up of seven copper wires covered in 18 strands made of iron\, the cab
 le ended up weighing more than one ton per nautical mile. Under the guidan
 ce of E. O. W. Whitehouse\, the connection was completed in early August t
 he following year with the help of four British and American ships.  So it
  was that\, on August 15\, 1858\, Queen Victoria could write:\n\n“The Quee
 n desires to congratulate the President upon the successful completion of 
 this great international work.”\n\nPresident Buchanan\, with a bit more fl
 air\, replied: “May the Atlantic Telegraph\, under the blessing of Heaven\
 , prove to be a bond of perpetual peace and friendship between the kindred
  nations\, and an instrument designed by Divine Providence to diffuse reli
 gion\, civilization\, liberty and law throughout the world.”\n\nAs the lea
 ders exchanged messages\, Americans\, stunned by the achievement\, gathere
 d at post offices to read the conversation the following day and marveled 
 – but the link would not last for long.  Whitehouse\, attempting to speed 
 up the extended transmission times (one of Queen Victoria's messages took 
 more than 16 hours to be received)\, decided to apply additional voltage t
 o the cable and rendered it inoperable just three weeks later.  Though his
 torians argue the construction would not have held up due to poor understa
 nding of the effect saltwater could have\, Whitehouse was immediately dism
 issed for his perceived role in the failure.\n\nIt would be another seven 
 years before another attempt could be made at laying a new cable.  Though 
 unsuccessful at first\, transmission resumed on July 28\, 1866 using a lin
 e constructed of more durable substances.  Within months\, a second line w
 as operational and\, by the 1870s\, the technology had grown to allow mult
 iple messages to be sent in either direction at once.  Within four decades
 \, an intricate network of cables connected Britain\, France\, Germany and
  the United States.
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DTSTART:20260308T020000
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UID:262e935e-2c6c-460e-a48d-b5f786b4494d
DTSTAMP:20260424T111415Z
DESCRIPTION:16 August 1858:  First exchange of telegraph communications occ
 urred with congratulatory messages between Queen Victoria and President Ja
 mes Buchanan. Photo: US postage stamp commemorating the Atlantic cable\, 1
 958. Designed by George Giusti.\n\nExcerpted from mapsoftheworld.com:\n\nM
 ade up of seven copper wires covered in 18 strands made of iron\, the cabl
 e ended up weighing more than one ton per nautical mile. Under the guidanc
 e of E. O. W. Whitehouse\, the connection was completed in early August th
 e following year with the help of four British and American ships.  So it 
 was that\, on August 15\, 1858\, Queen Victoria could write:\n\n“The Queen
  desires to congratulate the President upon the successful completion of t
 his great international work.”\n\nPresident Buchanan\, with a bit more fla
 ir\, replied: “May the Atlantic Telegraph\, under the blessing of Heaven\,
  prove to be a bond of perpetual peace and friendship between the kindred 
 nations\, and an instrument designed by Divine Providence to diffuse relig
 ion\, civilization\, liberty and law throughout the world.”\n\nAs the lead
 ers exchanged messages\, Americans\, stunned by the achievement\, gathered
  at post offices to read the conversation the following day and marveled –
  but the link would not last for long.  Whitehouse\, attempting to speed u
 p the extended transmission times (one of Queen Victoria's messages took m
 ore than 16 hours to be received)\, decided to apply additional voltage to
  the cable and rendered it inoperable just three weeks later.  Though hist
 orians argue the construction would not have held up due to poor understan
 ding of the effect saltwater could have\, Whitehouse was immediately dismi
 ssed for his perceived role in the failure.\n\nIt would be another seven y
 ears before another attempt could be made at laying a new cable.  Though u
 nsuccessful at first\, transmission resumed on July 28\, 1866 using a line
  constructed of more durable substances.  Within months\, a second line wa
 s operational and\, by the 1870s\, the technology had grown to allow multi
 ple messages to be sent in either direction at once.  Within four decades\
 , an intricate network of cables connected Britain\, France\, Germany and 
 the United States.
DTSTART;TZID=America/New_York:20260816T000000
DTEND;TZID=America/New_York:20260816T235900
LOCATION:
SUMMARY:1858: Early Telegraph Communications
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